must 是一个情态动词,表示“必须”、“应当”,与 have to 相似,表示不可逃避的义务。在说话人看来,没有选择的余地。但是,must 带有个人色彩,表示说话人的主观意图。表示个人感情时通常用 must; must 一般只能表达现在的必要性,而 have to 则可以表达过去或将来的必要性。
You must sweep the floor
你必须是扫地。(我说这有必要)
Must you go now? 你必须现在就走吗?
Yes, I have to leave at once. 是的,我不得不马上就走。
Yes, I must leave at once. 是的,我必须马上就走。
如果我们用 must 来提问,则只能用 needn't 来表示否定的回答。needn't 还可以理解为 have to 的否定回答。 needn't (don't need to)和don't have to 都表示不必要;而 mustn't 却表示绝对禁止,在说话人看来根本没有选择余地。请看例句:
Must she leave early? She needn't leave early.
她必须早走吗?她不必早走。
Do you have to take a taxi? I don't have to/need to take a taxi.
你必须乘出租汽车吗?我不必乘出租车。
You mustn't turn left. 你不能左转弯(表示绝对禁止)
can 是英语中最常用的几个情态助动词之一,它本身不表示动作,只表示体力或脑力方面或客观可能等。它必须与其他动词连用,本身没有性和数的变化。如:
I can see some coffee on the table.
Can Sam read this book?
can 的否定式为 can not, cannot 或 can't
I can't see any coffee.
He can't find the cups.
疑问句中将情态助动词置于句首,后接句子的主语和主要谓语动词。比如:
Can Penny and Jane wash the dishes? Yes, they can.
Can George take these flowers to her? No, he can't.
can 本身没有人称或数方面的变化。它还可以与疑问词一起用在特殊疑问句中。
Who can go into the boss's office? Bob can.
What can Penny and Jane do? They can wash the dishes.
What can the cat do? It can drink its milk.
What can't she do? She can't put her coat on.
Could you ... ? 您能......吗?
用于表示请求,比 Can you ... ? 更加婉转客气:
Could you tell me the way to the post office?
had better 表示“最好还是”、“最好”,表达某种忠告或建议。must 表示“必须”、“一定”,语气比 had better 强烈。had better 表示现在时或将来时,而不是过去时。其否定形式为 had better not.
Would you like ... ? 你愿意.......吗?
这个句型常用于表示委婉的请求或提议:
Would you like to go with us?
May I ... ? 我可以......吗?
表示请求或者请求允许
表示最有力的推论的最常用的形式是 must 和 can’t。这时,它们一般与系动词 be 连用。肯定的推断 用 must be 来表示,否定的推断用 can’t be 来表示,而不用 mustn’t。请看例句:
He can't be a doctor. He must be a dentist.
他不会是个医生。他一定是位牙医。
She can't be Danish. She must be Norwegian.
我不会丹麦人。他一定是挪威人。
He can't be shaving, He must be have a bath.
他不可能在剃胡子。他一定是在洗澡。
It can't be cheap. It must be expensive.
他不会便宜。一定价格昂贵。
He can't be ill, He must be tired.
他不可能生病了,他肯定是累了。
可用 must have been 表示肯定的判断,用 can’t have been(而不是 mustn’t have been)来表示否定的推断,如后面跟进行时则表示对过去正在进行的动作的动作的猜测。请看例句:
You must have been driving at seventy miles an hour.
你当时肯定正以每小时70英里的速度行驶。
I didn't see it. I must have been dreaming.
我没看见。我当时一定是在胡思乱想吧。
She can't have been 29. She must have been 36.
她那时肯定不会是29岁,她一定36岁了。
He can't have been reading. He must have been sleeping.
他那时肯定不是在看书。他那时肯定准时在睡觉。
情态助动词 may 表示可能性。may 或might 都表示“可能”、“也许”。通常既可以用于 may, 也可以用 might,不过 might 所表示的可能性要必 may 小,且当情况是虚拟的时只能用 might 而不能用 may.
may + 动词原型:
The bread may be fresh.
面包可能是新鲜的。
He may be reading.
他可能正在看书。
I may go abroad.
我可能出国。
They may offer me a job.
他们也许会给我提供一份工作。
过去式为:may have (done):
He was late. He may have been busy.
他迟到了。他可能一直很忙。
I went out last night, and she may have been reading.
我昨天晚上出去了,她可能一直在看书。
It may have been right.
也可能是对的。
They may have been in the garden.
他们可能那时一直在花园里。
请比较:
He is working. 他正在工作(对事实确实不疑)
He may be working. 他可能在工作(对现在可能发生的事情的推测)
He must be working. 他肯定在工作(对现在所发生事情有根据的推论)
He may have been working 他那时可能正在工作。(对过去所发生事情的推测)